By Edward Curtin
“Vexilla regis prodeunt Inferni”
– Dante Alighieri, The
Divine Comedy: The Inferno
Try to look ahead and see if you can see what’s
been coming for decades. Try to climb higher and
see the beautiful things that Heaven bears, where we
came forth, and once more see the stars and raise a
banner of resistance to the King of Hell and all his
henchmen. For they are here, and working hard as
usual, and indifference will only strengthen their
resolve. Don’t be deceived by these digital
demons. They want to make you think they don’t
exist. They wish to get you to suspend your
disbelief and get lost in the endless looping movie
they have created to conceal their real
machinations.
For we are living in a world of endless
propaganda and simulacra where vast numbers of
people are hypnotized and can’t determine the
difference between the real world of nature, the
body, etc. and digital imagery. Reality has
disappeared into screens. Simulation has swallowed
the distinction between the real world and its
representations. Meaning has migrated to the
margins of consciousness. This process is not yet
complete but getting there.
This may at first seem hyperbolic, but it is
not. I wish to explain this as simply as I can,
which is not easy, but I will try. I will attempt
to be rational, while knowing rationality and the
logic of facts can barely penetrate the logic of
digital simulacra within which we presently exist to
such a large extent. Welcome to the New World Order
and artificial intelligence which, if we do not soon
wake up to their encroaching calamitous
consequences, will result in a world where “we will
never know” because our brains will have been
reduced to mashed potatoes and nothing will make
sense. The British documentary filmmaker, Adam
Curtis, has said in his recent film, Can’t Get
You Out of My Head: An Emotional History of the
Modern World, that it’s already “pointless to
try to understand the meaning of why things happen”
and we will never know, but this is a nihilistic
claim that leads to resigned hopelessness. We must
get such sentiments “out of our heads.”
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We do not, of course, live in the middle ages
like Dante. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to be
beyond our ken. Our imaginations have withered
together with our grasp on reality. Up/down,
good/evil, war/peace – opposites have melded into
symbiotic marriages. Most people are ashamed, as
the poet Czeslaw Milosz has said, to ask themselves
certain questions that the seething infinity of
modern relativity has bequeathed us. Space and time
have lost all dimensions; the experience of the
collapse of hierarchical space and time is
widespread. For those who still call themselves
religious believers like Dante, “when they fold
their hands and lift up their eyes, ‘up’ no longer
exists,” Milosz rightly says. The map and the
territory are one as all metaphysics are almost
lost. And with its loss go our ability to see the
advancing banner of the king of hell, to grasp the
nature of the battle for the soul of the world that
is now underway. Or if you prefer, the struggle for
political control.
One thing is certain: This war for control must
be fought on both the spiritual and political
levels. The centuries’ long rise of technology and
capitalism has resulted in the degradation of the
human spirit and its lived sense of the sacred.
This must be reversed, as it has fundamentally led
to the mechanistic embrace of determinism and the
disbelief in freedom. Logical thought is necessary,
but not mechanistic thought with the deification of
reason. Scientific insight is essential, but within
its limitation. The spiritual and artistic
imagination that transcends materialist, machine
thinking is needed now more than ever. We
emphatically need to realize that the subject
precedes the object and consciousness the scientific
method. Only by realizing this will we be able to
break free from the trap that is propaganda and
digital simulacra, whose modi operandi are to
dissolve the differences between truth and falsity,
the imaginary and the real, facts and fiction, good
and evil. To play satanic circle games, create
double-binds, whose intent and result is to imprison
and confuse.
It is akin to asking what is the antonym to the
word contronym, which is a word having two meanings
that contradict each other, such as “cleave,” which
means to cut in half or to stick together. There
are many such words.
“What is the opposite of a contronym?” I asked
my thirteen-year-old granddaughter, a great reader
and writer raised far away from the madding crowd of
flickering and looping electronic images. To which,
after thinking a few minutes, she correctly replied,
“The antonym to a contronym is itself, because it
has two opposite meanings. It contradicts itself.”
Or as Tweedledee told Alice: “Contrariwise, if it
were so, it might be; and if it were so, it would
be; but as it isn’t, it ain’t. That’s logic.”
And that’s the logic used to trap a sleeping
public in a collective hallucination of media and
machines. A grand movie in which all “opposites”
are integrated to tranquilize all anxieties and
amuse all boredom so that the audience doesn’t
realize there is a world outside the Wonderland
theater.
A Place to Start
Let me begin with a little history, some fortieth
anniversaries that are occurring this year. In
themselves, and even in their temporal
juxtapositions, they mean little, but they give us a
place to anchor our reflections. A sense of time
and the progression of developments that have led to
widespread digital cognitive warfare and twisted
simulations. Widespread unreality rooted in
materialist brain research financed by intelligence
agencies. Spectacles of spectacles. As Guy Debord
puts it in
The Society of the Spectacle:
Where the real world changes into simple
images, the simple images become real beings and
effective motivations of hypnotic behavior.
In 1981, Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the U.S.
President. He was a bad actor, of course, which
meant he was a good actor (or the reverse of the
reverse of the reverse…) in a society that was
becoming increasingly theatrical, image based, and
dominated by what Daniel Boorstin in his classic
book,
The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America,
had earlier termed “pseudo-events.” Reagan was the
personification of a pseudo-event, a walking
illusion, a “benign” Orwellian persona presented to
the public to conceal an evil agenda. He was a
masked man, one created by Deep-State forces to
convince the public it was “morning in America
again,” even as the banner of an avuncular good guy
concealed, right from the start with the treacherous
“October Surprise” involving the Iranian hostage
crisis, an evil opening act to start the charade.
Reagan received overwhelming popular support and
served two terms as the acting president. The
audience was enthralled. In crucial ways, his
election marked the beginning of our descent into
hell.
Halfway through his two terms, Gary Wills, In
Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home, introduced
Reagan as follows:
The geriatric ‘juvenile lead’ even as
President, Ronald Reagan is old and young – an
actor, but with only one role. Because he acts
himself, we know he is authentic. A
professional, he is always the amateur. He is
the great American synecdoche, not only a part
of our past but a large part of our multiple
pasts. This is what makes many of the questions
asked about him so pointless. Is he bright,
shallow, complex, simple, instinctively shrewd,
plain dumb? He is all these things and more.
Synecdoche, just the Greek word for ‘sampling,’
and we all take a rich store of associations
that have accumulated around the Reagan career
and persona. He is just as simple, and just as
mysterious, as our collective dreams and
memories.
A few weeks after Reagan was sworn in, his newly
named CIA Director William Casey (see Robert Parry’s
book,
Trick or Treason: The 1980 October Surprise
Mystery), made a revealing comment at a
meeting of the new cabinet appointees. Casey said,
as overheard and
recorded by Barbara Honegger who was present,
“We’ll know our disinformation program is complete
when everything the American public believes is
false.”
Thirdly, in August of 1981, the French
sociologist Jean Baudrillard published his seminal
book, Simulacra and Simulation, in which he
set out his theory of simulation where he
claimed that a “hyperreal” simulated world was
replacing the real world that once could be
represented but not replaced. He argued that this
simulated world was generated by models of a
real world that never existed and so people were
living in “hyperreality,” or a totally fabricated
reality. This was a radical notion, and his claim
at the time that this was already total was no doubt
an exaggeration. But that was then, not now. Forty
years have allowed his nightmarish theory to take on
reality. I will return to this subject later.
Technology and the Trap of the Machine
Mass Mind
In his classic work,
Propaganda, Jacques Ellul writes that
“An analysis of propaganda therefore shows that it
succeeds primarily because it corresponds exactly to
a need of the masses…just two aspects of this: the
need for explanation and the need for values, which
both spring largely, but not entirely, from the
promulgation of news.” He wrote that in 1962 when
news and world events were rapidly speeding up but
were nowhere near as technologically frenzied as
they are today. Then there were radio, many
newspapers, and a handful of television stations.
And yet, even in those days, as the sociologist C.
Wright Mills said, the general public was confused
and disoriented, liable to panic, and that
information overwhelmed their capacity to assimilate
it. In
The Sociological Imagination he wrote:
The very shaping of history now outpaces the
ability of people to orient themselves in
accordance with cherished values. And which
values? Even when they do not panic, people
often sense that older ways of feeling and
thinking have collapsed and that newer
beginnings are ambiguous to the point of moral
stasis. Is it any wonder that ordinary people
feel they cannot cope with the larger worlds
with which they are so suddenly confronted? That
they cannot understand the meaning of their
epoch for their own lives? That – in defense of
selfhood – they become morally insensible,
trying to remain altogether private individuals?
Is it any wonder that they come to be possessed
by a sense of the trap?
This trap has been progressively closing ever
since. To say this is false nostalgia for the good
old days is intellectual claptrap. The evidence is
overwhelming, and honest minds can see it clearly
and a bit of self-reflection would reveal the inner
wounds this development has caused. There are
various reasons for this: many intentional, others
not: political machinations by the power elites,
technological, cultural, religious developments,
etc., all rooted in a similar way of thinking.
Whereas the wealthy elites have always controlled
society, over the recent decades the growth in
technological propaganda has increased
exponentially. But the machines have been built upon
a technical way of thinking that Ellul describes as
‘the totality of methods rationally arrived at and
having absolute efficiency in every field of human
activity.” This way of thinking is the opposite of
the organic, the human. It is all about means
without ends, self-generating means whose sole goal
is efficiency. Everything is now subordinated to
technique, especially people. He says:
From another point of view, however, the
machine is deeply symptomatic: it represents the
ideal toward which techniques strives.The
machine is solely, exclusively technique; it is
pure technique, one might say. For, wherever a
technical factor exists, it results, almost
inevitably, in mechanization: technique
transforms everything it touches into a machine.
If only cell phones shocked the hands that
touched them!
I think it is beyond dispute that this sense of
entrapment and confusion with its concomitant
widespread depression has increased dramatically
over the decades and we have come to a dark, dark
place. Lost in a dark wood would be an
understatement. In the inferno would perhaps be
more appropriate.
Who will be our Virgil to guide us through this
hell we are creating and to show us where it is
leading?
The massive use of psychotropic drugs for living
problems is well known. The sense of
meaninglessness is widespread. The shredding of
social bonds with the journey into a vast digital
dementia has resulted in panic and anxiety on a vast
scale. The fear of death and disease permeates the
air as religious faith wanes. People have been
turned against each other as an hallucinatory cloak
of propaganda has replaced reality with the black
magic of digital incantations.
I remember how, in 1975, when I was teaching at a
Massachusetts university and, sensing a vast unmet
need in my students, I proposed a course called “The
Sociology of Life, Death, and Meaning.” My
colleagues balked at the idea and I had to convince
them it was worthwhile. I sensed that the fear of
death and a growing loss of meaning was increasing
among young people (and the population at large) and
it was my responsibility to try to address it. My
colleagues considered the subject not scientific
enough, having been seduced by the positivist
movement in sociology. When the enrollment for the
course reached 220 plus, my point was made. The need
was great. But it was a small window of opportunity
for such deep reflections, for by 1980 the Cowboy in
the white hat had ridden into Washington and a rock
star was enthroned in the Vatican and all was once
again well with the world. Delusory orthodoxy
reigned again. Until….
For the last forty-one years there has been a
progressive dissolution of reality into a theatrical
electronic spectacle, beginning with the push for
computer generated globalization and continuing up
to the latest cell phones. Science, neuroscience,
and technology have been deified. Cognitive warfare
has been waged against the public mind. The
intelligence agencies, war departments, and their
accomplices throughout the corporations, media,
Hollywood, medicine, and the universities have
united to effect this end. Neuroscience and
medicine have been weaponized. The objective being
to convince the public that they are machines, their
brains are computers, and that their only hope is
embrace that “reality.”
After the actor Reagan rode off into the sunset,
his Vice-President and former Director of the CIA
(therefore a supreme actor), George H. W. Bush, took
the reins and declared the decade of the 1990s the
decade of brain research, to be heavily financed by
the federal government. In 1992, boy wonder William
Clinton, straight out of the fetid fields of
Arkansas politics, was elected to carry on this
work, not just the brain research but the continuous
bombing of Iraq and the slaughters around the world,
but also the work of
dismantling welfare and repealing the Glass-Steagall
Act, reuniting commercial and investment banking
and opening the door for the rich to get super rich
and normal people to get screwed. So Clinton
fulfilled the duties of the good Republican
President that he was, and the right-wing played the
game of ripping him for being a leftist. It’s funny
except that so many believed this game in which all
the players operated within the same frame (and of
course still do), the play within the play whose
real authors are always invisible to the fixated
audience.
What is the antonym to a contronym?
When George W. Bush took over, he continued the
brain research project with massive federal monies
by declaring 2000-10 as the Decade of the Behavior
Project.
Then under Obama,
whose role model was the actor Reagan, and under
Trump, whose role model was the guy he played on
reality television and whose official role was
playing the bad guy to Obama’s good guy, the money
for the mapping of the brain and artificial
intelligence continued flowing from the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the
Office of Science and Technology Project (OSTP).
Three decades of joint military, intelligence,
and neuroscience work on how to understand brains so
as to control them through mind control and computer
technology might suggest something untoward was
afoot, wouldn’t you say?
Create the Problem and Then the
“Solution”
If you are still on this twisted path with me,
you may feel an increased level of anxiety. Not
that it is new, for you have probably felt it for a
long time. We both know that free-floating anxiety,
like depression and fear, has been a stable of life
in the good old USA for decades. We didn’t create
it, and, as C. Wright Mills has said, “Neither the
life of an individual nor the history of a society
can be understood without understanding both.” For
our biographies, including anxiety and
meaninglessness, take place within social history
and social structures, and so we must ask what are
the connections. And are there solutions?
There are drugs, of course, and the caring folks
at the pharmaceutical companies who want to see us
with Smiley Faces, perky in mind and body, are
always glad to provide them for an exorbitant price,
one often well hidden in the ledgers of their
insurance company partners-in-crime. But still,
there is so much to fear: terrorists, viruses, bad
weather, bad breath, my bad, your bad, bad death,
etc.
Is there a place upon which to pin this anxiety
that floats ?
Professor Mattias Desmet, a clinical psychology
professor at the University of Ghent in Belgium, has
some interesting thoughts about it, but they don’t
necessarily lead to happy conclusions. I think he
is correct in saying that for decades there has been
a situation brewing that is the perfect soil for
mass formation with a hypnotized public embracing a
new totalitarianism, one that has now been made real
through COVID 19 with the lockdowns and loss of
liberties as we descend with Dante to the lowest
depths of the Inferno.
These background developments are the breakdown
of social bonds, the loss of meaning making, its
accompanying free-floating anxiety, and the absence
of ways to relieve that anxiety short of
aggression. You can listen to him
here.
These conditions didn’t just “happen” but were
created by multiple power elite actors with long
range plans. If that sounds conspiratorial, that’s
because it is. That’s what the powerful do. They
conspire to achieve their goals. The average
person, without the awareness, will, inclination, or
ability to do investigative sociological research,
often falls prey to their designs, and through
today’s electronic digital media is mesmerized into
feeling that the media offer solutions to their
anxieties. They provide answers, even when they are
propaganda.
As Ellul says, “Propaganda is the true remedy for
loneliness.” It draws all lost souls to its
benevolent siren song. CNN’s smiling Sanjay Gupta
sedates many a mind and The New York Times
and CBS soothe untold numbers of Mr. and
Mrs. Lonelyhearts with sweet nothings straight from
the messaging centers of the World Economic Forum
and Langley, Virginia. They draw on the need to obey
and believe, and provide fables that give people a
sense of value and belonging to the group, even
though the group is unreal. These media can quite
easily, but usually subtly, turn their audiences’
frenetic, agitated passivity into active aggression
towards dissidents, especially when those dissidents
have been blamed for endangering the lives of the
“good” people.
As has occurred, censorship of dissent is
necessary, and this must be done for the common
good, even when it is carried out in allegedly
democratic societies. In the name of freedom,
freedom must be denied. Thus Biden’s declaration of
war against domestic dissent.
Mattias Desmet got it right; we are far down the
road to totalitarianism.
Simulation and Simulacra
When I was a boy, I did certain boy things that
were popular in my generation. For a short period I
constructed model ships and planes from kits. It
was something to do when I was constrained to the
house because of bad weather. These kits were
replicas of famous battle ships or planes and came
with decals you could paste on them when you were
done. The decals identified these historical
vehicles, which were very real or had been. I knew
I was making a miniature double of real objects,
just as I knew a map of New York City streets
corresponded to the real Bronx streets I roamed.
The map and my models were simulacra, but not the
real thing. The real things were outside
somewhere. And I knew not to walk on the map for my
wanderings.
When Baudrillard wrote Simulacra and
Simulation, he was telling us that something
fundamental had changed and would change far more in
the future. He wrote:
Today abstraction is no longer that of the
map, the double, the mirror, or the concept.
Simulation is no longer that of the territory, a
referential being, or a substance. It is the
generation by models of a real without origin or
reality: a hyperreal. The territory no longer
precedes the map, nor does it survive it. It is
nevertheless the map that precedes the territory
– precession of simulacra – that engenders the
territory….
Translated into plain English (French
intellectuals can be difficult to understand), he is
saying that in much of modern life, reality has
disappeared into its signs or models. And within
these signs, these self-enclosed systems,
distinctions can’t be made because these simulacra
contain, like contronyms, both their positive and
negative poles, so they cancel each other out while
holding the believer imprisoned in amber. Once you
are in them, you are trapped because there are no
outside references, the simulated system of thought
or machine is your universe, the only reality.
There is no dialectical tension because the system
has swallowed it. There is no critical negativity,
no place to stand outside to rebel because the
simulacrum encompasses the positive and negative in
a circulatory process that makes everything
equivalent but the “positivity” of the simulacrum
itself. You are inside the whale: “The virtual
space of the global is the space of the screen and
the network, of immanence and the digital, of a
dimensionless space-time.”
So if that plain English (Ha!) doesn’t do it for
you, here’s Baudrillard again:
It is a question of substituting the signs of
the real for the real, that is to say of an
operation of deterring every real process via
its operational double, a
programmatic, metastable, perfectly descriptive
machine that offers all the signs of the real
and short-circuits all its vicissitudes. Never
again will the real have a chance to produce
itself – such is the vital function of the model
in a system of death, or rather
of anticipated resurrection, that no longer
gives the event of death a chance. [my emphases]
In the case of my model airplanes, there were
real planes that my replicas were based on. I knew
that. Baudrillard was announcing that the world was
changing and children in the future would have a
difficult time distinguishing between the real and
its simulacra. Not just children but all of us have
arrived at that point, thanks to digital technology,
where to distinguish between the real and the
imaginary is very hard. Thus the purpose of video
games: To scramble brains. Thus the purpose of all
the brain research funded by the Pentagon: To
control brains via the interface of people with
machines. This is a fundamental reason why the
ruling elites, under the cover of Covid-19, have
been pushing for an online digitized world through
which they can amass even greater control over
people’s sense of reality. Are we watching a video
of the real world or a video of a model of the real
world? How to tell the difference?
The weather report says that there is a 31%
chance of rain tomorrow at 2 P.M., and people take
that seriously, even though only a genuine blockhead
would not realize that this is not based on reality
but on a computer model of reality and a reality
that is unreal a second degree over since it has yet
to occur. Yet that everyday example is normal
today. It’s a form of hypnosis. The map precedes
the territory.
But it gets even weirder as a regular perusal of
the news confirms. A very strange warped sense of
reality unconnected to digital technology is
widespread. There recently was a news report about
the sale of a Mohammed Ali drawing that sold for
$425,000.
The drawing could have been done by a child with
a marker. It depicts a stick figure Ali in a boxing
ring standing with arms raised in victory over a
fallen opponent. From the fallen boxer’s head a
speech bubble rises with these words: “Ref, he did
float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.” It is
factually true that Ali knocked many opponents on
their asses and raised his arms in victory. So when
he drew his stick drawing he was probably
remembering that. Therefore his drawing, a
representation of his memory of reality and
imagination, is two degrees removed from the real.
For no opponent uttered those words from his back on
a canvas. They are Ali’s signature words, how he
liked to present himself on the world’s stage, part
of his act, for he was a quintessential performer,
albeit an unusual one with courage and a social
conscience. Obviously his drawing is not art but a
crude little sketch. Whoever spent nearly half a
million dollars for it, did so either for an
investment (which raises one question concerning
reality and illusion) or as a form of magical
appropriation, similar to getting a famous person’s
signature to “capture” a bit of their immortality
(the second question). Either way it’s more than
weird, even though not uncommon. It is its
commonness that makes it emblematic of this present
era of copies and simulacra, the mumbo jumbo magic
that disappears the real into simulated images.
Take the recent case of the TV actor William
Shatner, who played a space ship captain named
Captain Kirk on a very popular television series,
Star Trek, a show filled with kitsch wisdom
loved by hordes of desperadoes. All unreal but taken
close to the fanatics’ hearts. He’s been in the
news recently for taking a ride into earth’s sub
orbit on a spacecraft owned and operated by Amazon
billionaire Jeff Bezos. Bezos gave the
ninety-year-old actor a comp ride up and away
supposedly because he was a big Star Trek
fan. In keeping with the pseudo-spiritual theme of
this business venture and PR stunt, the spacecraft
was called the New Shepard, presumably to
distinguish it from the Old Shepard, whom we must
assume is dead as Nietzsche said a few years ago.
Sometimes these billionaires are so busy making
money that they forget to tune in to the latest
news. Bezos was announcing his new religion, a
blending of P. T. Barnum and technology. Anyway,
pearls of “spiritual” wisdom, like those uttered on
the old TV series, greeted the public following
Shatner’s trip. Ten minutes up and down isn’t three
days and nights, but he was up to the task. A guy
playing an actor playing a space ship pilot playing
a TV personage on a public relations business stunt
flight. “Unbelievable,” as he said. Who is copying
whom?
Tune in.
Baudrillard offers the example of The Iconoclasts
from centuries past :
…whose millennial quarrel is still with us
today. This is precisely because they predicted
the omnipotence of simulacra, the faculty the
simulacra have of effacing God from the
conscience of man, and the destructive
annihilating truth that they allow to appear –
that deep down God never existed, even that God
himself was never anything but his own
simulacrum – from this came their urge to
destroy the images.
We are now awash in epiphanies of representation,
as Daniel Boorstin noted in The Image in
the 1960s and which everyone can notice as those
little rectangular boxes are constantly raised
everywhere to capture what their operators might
unconsciously think of as a world they no longer
think is real, so they better capture it before it
fully evaporates. Such acquisitive image taking
bespeaks an unspoken nihilism, secret simulations
that signify the death sentence of their referents.
So let’s just say simulacra are traps wherein the
real is no longer real but a hyperreal that seems
realer than real, while concealing its unreality.
This goes much further than the use of digital
technology. It involves the entire spectrum of
techniques of mind control and propaganda. It
includes politics, medicine, economics, Covid-19,
the lockdowns and vaccines, etc. Everything.
Let me end with one small example. A trifle,
you’ll agree. I began by noting the election of the
actor Ronald Reagan in 1980. Then the quote from
the CIA Director Casey: “We’ll know our
disinformation program is complete when everything
the American public believes is false.”
Then came the CIA actor George H. W. Bush, the
two-faced Bill Clinton, George W. Bush the son of
the CIA man, Obama, Trump, and Biden. Rather shady
characters all, depending usually on your political
affiliations. Suppose, however, that these seven
men are an acting troupe in the same play, which is
a highly sophisticated simulacrum that plays in
loops, and that the object of its architects is to
keep the audience engaged in the show and rooting
for their favorite character. Suppose this
self-generating spectacle has a name: The
Contronym. And suppose that at the very heart
of its ongoing run, one of the lead characters, who
had been reared from birth to play a revolutionary
role, one that demanded many masks and contradictory
faces that could be used to reconcile the personae
of the other six actors and perhaps reconcile the
Rashomon-like story, suppose that character was
Barack Obama, and suppose he was reared in a CIA
family and later just “happened” to become President
where he became known as “the intelligence
president” because of his intimate relationship with
the CIA. And suppose he gave the CIA everything it
wanted.
Would you think you were living in a simulacrum?
Or would you say Jeremy Kuzmarov’s report,
“A Company Family: The Untold History of Obama and
the CIA” was a simulation of the most scurrilous
kind?
Or would you feel lost in the wood in the middle
of your life with Dante? Heading down to hell?
“’I was thinking,’ said Alice very politely,
‘which is the best way out of this wood. It’s
getting so dark. Would you tell me, please?’
But the fat little men [Tweedledee and Tweedledum]
only looked at each other and grinned.”
Yet it is no laughing matter. If we want to get
through this hell we are traversing, we had better
clearly recognize those who are carrying the Banner
of the King of Hell. Identify them and stop their
advance. It is a real spiritual war we are engaged
in, and we either fight for God or the devil.
Edward Curtin, educated in the
classics, philosophy, literature, theology, and
sociology, Teaches sociology at Massachusetts
College of Liberal Arts.
http://edwardcurtin.com/
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